{"schema_version":"1.0","type":"article","title":"T-cell Exhaustion Across PD-1, CAR-T and TCE: Immunotherapy's Next Contest Is Durability","url":"https://drugnews.com.tw/articles/2026-07-28-t-cell-exhaustion-immunotherapy-durability-en.html","markdown_url":"https://drugnews.com.tw/articles/2026-07-28-t-cell-exhaustion-immunotherapy-durability-en.md","lang":"en","date":"2026-07-28","publish_at":"2026-07-28T08:00:00+08:00","updated_at":"2026-07-28","category":"商業分析系列","topic":"商業分析系列","tags":["T-cell exhaustion","immunotherapy","PD-1 blockade","CAR-T","T-cell engager","bispecific antibody","TCF1","Taiwan biotech","Shine-On Biomedical","Ever Supreme","Pell Biomedical","AP Biosciences","AcePodiA","SOA101","CAR001","PL001","AP203","ACE1831"],"summary":"PD-1 blockade, CAR-T and T-cell engagers ultimately depend on T cells that can expand, renew and persist. This analysis connects exhaustion biology, product engineering and clinical evidence to the next competitive threshold in immunotherapy.","key_points":[],"facts":[],"sections":["01 | Exhaustion Is Not Simply Fatigue; It Is a Differentiation Trajectory","02 | PD-1 Releases the Brake, but the Remaining Engine Still Matters","03 | CAR-T Exhaustion Risk May Be Engineered Before Infusion","04 | A T-cell Engager Creates Proximity, but Excessive Signaling Has a Cost","05 | Exhaustion Management Is Becoming Part of Product Design","06 | Taiwan Has More Than One Relevant Company: Four Direct Product Coordinates","07 | Four Data Sets Investors Should Watch Next","Conclusion | The Scarce Asset Is a Renewable T-cell Force","References","Disclaimer"],"references":[{"title":"Blank et al., Defining T cell exhaustion, Nature Reviews Immunology, 2019:","source":"","date":"","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41577-019-0221-9"},{"title":"Im et al., Defining CD8+ T cells that provide the proliferative burst after PD-1 therapy, Nature, 2016:","source":"","date":"","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature19330"},{"title":"Pauken et al., Epigenetic stability of exhausted T cells limits durability of reinvigoration by PD-1 blockade, Science, 2016:","source":"","date":"","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5484795/"},{"title":"Long et al., 4-1BB costimulation ameliorates T cell exhaustion induced by tonic signaling of chimeric antigen receptors, Nature Medicine, 2015:","source":"","date":"","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4458184/"},{"title":"Haber et al., Generation of T-cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies with differentiated profiles of cytokine release and biodistribution by CD3 affinity tuning, Scientific Reports 11, 14397, 2021:","source":"","date":"","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8277787/"},{"title":"Philipp et al., T-cell exhaustion induced by continuous bispecific molecule exposure is ameliorated by treatment-free intervals, Blood, 2022:","source":"","date":"","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10652962/"},{"title":"Pell Biomedical, PL001 product page:","source":"","date":"","url":"https://www.pellbmt.com/service_info.asp?id=1081"},{"title":"Taiwan Stock Exchange, Newly listed company: Pell Biomedical (6949):","source":"","date":"","url":"https://www.twse.com.tw/market_insights/zh/detail/ff8080818d397607018e11bd8c380277"},{"title":"ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05326243, PL001 Phase I/II:","source":"","date":"","url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05326243"},{"title":"Shine-On Biomedical, SOA101 product page:","source":"","date":"","url":"https://www.shineon-bio.com/products2_detail/5"},{"title":"ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT07055594, SOA101 Phase I/IIa:","source":"","date":"","url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07055594"},{"title":"Ever Supreme, CAR001 Phase IIa initiation update:","source":"","date":"","url":"https://www.ever-supreme.com.tw/news_detail/39"},{"title":"ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06150885, CAR001 Phase I/II:","source":"","date":"","url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06150885"},{"title":"AP Biosciences, AP203 product page:","source":"","date":"","url":"https://www.apbioinc.com/en/pipeline-detail1.htm"},{"title":"ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05473156, AP203 Phase I/II:","source":"","date":"","url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05473156"},{"title":"AcePodiA, ACE1831 Phase I completion update:","source":"","date":"","url":"https://www.acepodia.com/tw/newsroom-detail/ACE1831_CSR/"},{"title":"Fraietta et al., Determinants of response and resistance to CD19 CAR T cell therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Nature Medicine, 2018:","source":"","date":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29713085/"}],"images":[{"alt":"PD-1 blockade, CAR-T and T-cell engagers all depend on T cells that can expand, renew and persist","url":"https://drugnews.com.tw/assets/articles/t-cell-exhaustion-immunotherapy-durability-en/01_three-modalities-en.webp"},{"alt":"T-cell exhaustion progresses from progenitor-like through transitional to terminal states under persistent antigen and microenvironmental pressure","url":"https://drugnews.com.tw/assets/articles/t-cell-exhaustion-immunotherapy-durability-en/02_exhaustion-trajectory-en.webp"},{"alt":"CAR-T and T-cell engagers must balance tumor killing, toxicity and T-cell persistence through product-specific engineering levers","url":"https://drugnews.com.tw/assets/articles/t-cell-exhaustion-immunotherapy-durability-en/03_product-engineering-en.webp"},{"alt":"SOA101, CAR001, PL001 and AP203 represent four direct Taiwan product coordinates, with ACE1831 as an adjacent T-cell therapy comparison","url":"https://drugnews.com.tw/assets/articles/t-cell-exhaustion-immunotherapy-durability-en/04_taiwan-coordinates-en.webp"}],"cover_image":"https://drugnews.com.tw/assets/articles/t-cell-exhaustion-immunotherapy-durability-en/cover-en.webp","publisher":{"name":"Drugnews｜藥時事","url":"https://drugnews.com.tw/","profile":"https://drugnews.com.tw/brand-profile.json"},"citation":"Drugnews｜藥時事（2026-07-28）。T-cell Exhaustion Across PD-1, CAR-T and TCE: Immunotherapy's Next Contest Is Durability。https://drugnews.com.tw/articles/2026-07-28-t-cell-exhaustion-immunotherapy-durability-en.html","disclaimer":"This article is intended for industry research and knowledge sharing only. It does not constitute investment, medical, fundraising, or individual stock advice.","translations":{"zh-Hant":"2026-07-28-t-cell-exhaustion-immunotherapy-durability.html"},"relationship":"independent_editorial","disclosure_url":"https://drugnews.com.tw/policy/"}